Makalah

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1.1. BackgroundGod created creatures into this world equipped with their respective environment. The environment is a unity with all things space, power state, and living creatures, including man and his behavior. Environmental component consists of abiotic factors (soil, water, air, weather, temperature) and biotic factors (plants and animals, including humans). The environment both biotic and abiotic factors affect and are affected humans. Everything that exists in the environment can be harnessed by humans to meet human needs, because the environment has a carrying capacity.Environmental carrying capacity is the ability of the environment to support humans and other living things. In natural conditions, the environment with all the diversity of interactions that are able to balance the situation. But it is also possible, such conditions can be changed by human interference with the fulfillment of all the activities that are sometimes beyond the limit.Environmental balance can be disturbed if there is a change in the form of a reduction or loss of function of some component parts that can break the chain of cause in ecosystems.The whole ecosystem in the world is called the biosphere. In the biosphere, all living things occupy a suitable environment for life. Environment or a suitable place for life are called habitats.Living things that exist in the world will not forever continue to live, God has set up where the creature creation will be able to enjoy life. Fossils are formed from the destruction of relics of the organisms that ever lived. This often happens when a plant or animal is buried under oxygen-free environment so that the remains of former living things or are formed into a rock or mineral.1.2. Purpose and ObjectivesThe purpose is the preparation of this paper would like to know more details about the fossils. The purpose of the preparation of this paper are:1. Describe the biosphere2. Describe fossils1.3. Problem formulationBased on the above background it timbulah problems for compilers which can be formulated as follows,1. What is the definition of the biosphere?2. What is the definition of fossils?3. What is the process of fossil formation?4. What is the definition and examples of living fossils?5. Why timber could be a fossil?6. What are the benefits of fossil for science and human?CHAPTER IIFOSSIL2.1. Understanding the BiosphereBiosphere is the outer part of the planet Earth, including air, land, and water, allowing the life and biotic processes take place. In broad terms according to geofisiologi, the biosphere is the global ecological system that unites all living things and their relationships, including interactions with elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water) and atmosphere (air) of Earth. Earth today is the only place that is known to support life. Biosphere is considered to have lasted for about 3.5 billion years of Earth 5.5 billion years of age.The whole ecosystem in the world is called the biosphere. In the biosphere, all living things occupy a suitable environment for life. Environment or a suitable place for life disebuthan habitat. In biological terms we often distinguish between micro-habitats for living things, such as fungi and bacteria, which is called the substrate.Two living species can occupy the same habitat, but still has a niche (nisia) are different. Nisia is the functional status of an organism in an ecosystem. In nisianya, the organisms may play an active role, whereas other organisms the same habitat can not play an active role. As an example let us look at the division nisia in tropical rain forests.The definition of the space environment is a unity with all things, the power situation, and living creatures, including man and his behavior. Environmental component consists of abiotic factors (soil, water, air, weather, temperature) and biotic factors (plants and animals, including humans). The environment both biotic and abiotic factors affect and are affected humans. Everything that exists in the environment can be harnessed by humans to meet human needs, because the environment has a carrying capacity. Carrying capacity of the environment is the ability to support humans and other living things.In natural conditions, the environment with all the diversity of interactions that are able to balance the situation. But it is also possible, such conditions can be changed by human interference with the fulfillment of all the activities that are sometimes beyond the limit.The balance of the environment can naturally take place for several reasons, namely the components that are involved in the action-reaction and act according to equilibrium conditions, the transport of energy (energy flow), and biogeochemical cycles can take place. Environmental balance can be disturbed if there is a change in the form of a reduction or loss of function of some component parts that can break the chain of cause in ecosystems. One factor is the cause of pollution in addition to other factors.Pollution or environmental contamination is the entry or introduction of living things, energy substances, and or other components into the environment, or changing the order of the environment by human activities or natural processes so that environmental quality drops to a certain level of which causes the environment to be less or not work anymore as intended (Act No. Principles of Environmental Management. 4 of 1982).2.2. Understanding FossilsFossil (Latin: fossa, which means "to dig out of the ground") are the remains or traces of living beings into stone or mineral. To become fossilized, the remains of animals or plants should be covered with sediment. By experts distinguish several kinds of fossils. There is a common fossil stone, which formed the fossil in amber, fossil tar, such as those formed in the wells was La Brea in California. Animal or plant which was thought extinct but there are still so-called living fossils. The most common fossils are the remains like a frame of shells, teeth and bones. Fossilized soft tissues are rare. The study of fossils is paleontology, which is also a branch of science that embraced archeology.briefly the definition of the fossils must meet the following requirements:1. The remains of organisms.2. Naturally preserved.3. In general, solid / compact / hard.4. More than 11,000 years old.A. FossilizationFossilization is a process of accumulation of the remains of animals or plants that accumulated in the sediments or deposits that have good overall preservation, in part or in trace amounts. There are several requirements of pemfosilan among other things:1. The organism has a hard body parts2. Experiencing preservation3. Freedom from bacterial decay4. Naturally-occurring5. Contains high levels of oxygen in small amounts6. He's more than 10,000 years ago.Fossils are formed from the destruction of relics of the organisms that ever lived. This often happens when a plant or animal is buried under oxygen-free environment. Fossils are rarely preserved in its original form. In some cases, minerals are chemically changed or remains dissolved all so it was replaced with mold.B. Living fossilsThe term "living fossil" is the term used of a living species that resembles a species known only from fossils. Some living fossils include fish coelacanth and the ginkgo tree. Living fossils can also refer to a species of life that has no other close species or a small group of close species that have no other close species. Examples of this last criterion is the nautilus. CoelacanthCoelacanth (meaning "a hollow thorns", from the Greek word coelia (hollow) and acanthos (thorn), referring to the fins are hollow thorns) in biology is the name of the order (nation) of fish among others consists of an evolutionary branch of the oldest surviving of jawed fish. Coelacanth is estimated to have gone extinct since the late Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, until a specimen was found in eastern South Africa, in river waters Chalumna 1938. Since then the coelacanth has been found in the Comoro, waters in the Sulawesi island of Manado Tua, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar and the marine park St. Lucia in South Africa. In Indonesia, particularly around Manado, North Sulawesi, the species by the local community was named king of the sea fish.Coelacanth consists of approximately 120 known species based on fossil discoveries. The coelacanth has a typical ancient fishes, such as a fan-shaped tail, large eyes, and scales that look is not perfect (like stone). In Bunaken've discovered a living coelacanth swimming freely. The size is approximately 2 / 3 the adult body and his body was dark purple, GinkgoGinkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is one of the single species of seed plants open divisio members who never widespread in the world. At present the plant is known to only grow wild in Northeast Asia, but has been widespread in many other temperate places as an ornamental tree garden or yard. Form of modern plant has not changed much from his fossils were found.The annual tree, the type of laxative, and can be hundreds of years old. Fan-shaped leaves, grows from the tip of the stem / branch. Leaf veins extending from the base. He did not flower and bear fruit because it is a seed plant opened. Seeds protected by a layer of soft tissue known as the coated seeds.Indication is obtained from fossil Ginkgo-old fossil from the early Permian time (280 million years ago). In its golden ages, members Ginkgoaceae estimated to cover 16 genera (genera) and is an important part of the vegetation of the world [1]. This diversity is estimated to shrink when the last glacial period in the early Pleistocene. Consequently, at present only one type of the representation, which is known as the ginkgo tree. Based on the cpDNA study, the population managed to survive is growing in the southwestern region of China today. From here, the monks of Buddhism spread to various places in Northeast Asia.These plants included in the IUCN Red List] since 1997 due to natural populations in inland China are threatened by population pressure.Ginkgo seeds can be eaten and processed into drugs. A number of dietary supplement products containing extracts of ginkgo seeds, because it is considered efficacious retaining memories.C. Fossil WoodMost fossils are found in sedimentary rocks (sediments) whose surface is open. Rocks contain many fossils called fosiliferus. Types of fossils contained in the rock depends on the type of scientific environment in which sediments deposited. Marine sediments, from the shoreline and shallow water, usually contain the most fossils.Fossil petrified wood is a type of fossil, namely fossil wood where all the organic material has been replaced by minerals (usually a type of silicate, such as quartz), with a wooden structure is maintained. Fossil process occurs underground, when wood buried under layers of sediment. Water that contains minerals into plant cells and while lignin and cellulose decay, they were replaced by stone.Fossil Wood in CaliforniaLesvos fossil wood in the forest is a forest that has been petrified wood fossils of the largest in the world. This forest is located on the island of Lesvos in Greece. The second largest is Fossil Wood Forest National Park in Arizona.Fossil forest wood in Lesvos is formed from fossilized plants that can be found in the western part of the island. Covered by volcanic material and fossilized 20 million years old. Volcanic ash layers have revealed pieces of stems, branches, roots, seeds and leaves as well as fossil bones of animals.Most of western Lesvos (16,600 acres) with the name of "Petrified Forest - Western Peninsula of Lesvos" included in "Natura 2000" list of important areas for nature protection in the EU. This area is characterized by three important ecological areas: the western zone of the peninsula that includes the Petrified Forest with a micro-environment of rare and threatened species of rare flora and fauna, marine zone around the rocky island Nisiopi or Megalonisi, and pine forests Pteroudas - Parakilon where there is the corpus Rhododendron, unique to GreeceThe area is surrounded by villages Eressos, Antissa and Sigri. In addition the plant fossils are also found in other places on the island, including the villages Molyvos, Polichnitos, Plomari, and Akrasi2.3. Use of fossilFossil is important to understand the history of the sedimentary rocks of the earth. Subdivisions of geologic time and the fit with the rock layers depending on the fossil. Organisms change along with time and these changes are used to mark a period of time. For example, rocks containing fossils graptolit should be dated to the Palaeozoic. Geographic spread of fossils allows geologists to match the composition of rocks from other parts of the world.Fossil fuels or mineral fuels, is a resource containing hydrocarbons such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The use of fossil fuels is already moving the industry development and replacing windmills, hydropower, and also burning wood or peat for heat.Coal as an example of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels by humans is a major source of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhouse gases believed to cause global warming. A small amount of hydrocarbon fuel is bio-fuels derived from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and therefore does not add carbon dioxide in the air
CHAPTER IIICLOSING3.1. ConclusionFossils are the remains or traces of living beings into stone or mineral. To become fossilized, the remains of animals or plants should be covered with sediment. Fossils can be divided into several types. There is a common fossil stone, which formed the fossil in amber, fossil tar, such as those formed in the wells was La Brea in California. Animal or plant which was thought extinct but there are still so-called living fossils. The most common fossils are the remains like a frame of shells, teeth and bones.briefly the definition of the fossils must meet the following requirements:1. The remains of organisms.2. Naturally preserved.3. In general, solid / compact / hard.4. More than 11,000 years old.3.2. SuggestionAs described in the previous chapter that the fossils have uses both in terms of science or its function as a means of satisfying the needs of fuel for example, jewelry, etc.. Therefore, we should not forget the role of fossils in our lives.
REFERENCEShttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanthhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgohttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosilhttp://zonaaneh.blogspot.com/2011/02/hutan-fosil-kayu-di-lesvos-yunani.html # ixzz1GpGqElV1